NAC
-N-acetyl L-cysteine
- Exogenous N-Acetylcysteine alleviates heavy metal stress by promoting phenolic acids to support antioxidant defence systems in wheat roots
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0147651319305937?via%3Dihub
- NAC has been used as an antioxidant, free radical scavenger, and chelating agent for reducing the deleterious effects on plants of biotic and abiotic environmental stresses.
- It can also relieve heavy metal (HM) toxicity, although its alleviating mechanism remains unknown.
- In this study, we compared HM-stressed (Cu, Hg, Cd and Pb, 100 μM each) wheat seedlings without NAC treatment and in combination with NAC (1 mM)
- NAC treatment in combination with HMs (Cu, Cd, Hg and Pb, respectively) stimulated root growth (1.1-, 1.5-, 10.5- and 1.9-fold), and significantly increased fresh (1.3-, 1.5-, 4.3- and 1.4-fold) and dry (1.2-, 1.5-, 2.5- and 1.2-fold) mass.
- Combination treatment also led to significant reductions in HM concentrations (1.3-, 1.4-, 4- and 1.1-fold, respectively). GSH (1.1 – 1.8-fold), TBARS (1.4 – 2.7-fold) and H2O2 (1.6 – 1.8-fold) contents in treatment with HMs alone were significantly mitigated by the NAC combination.
- PAs concentrations were relatively reduced by NAC in combination with HMs. These results indicate that NAC can alleviate HM toxicity and improve the growth of HM-stressed wheat seedlings by coordinated induction of the phenolic pool and the antioxidant defense system.
Oxidative Stress and Respiratory System: Pharmacological and Clinical Reappraisal of N-Acetylcysteine
- https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/15412555.2014.898040
- The aim of this review was to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of ROS and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases, particularly COPD, and to review the available clinical and experimental evidence on the use of NAC as an adjunct to standard treatment for COPD
- NAC provides protection against injury induced by cigarette smoke in alveolar type II (ATII) cells and lung tissue obtained from knockout mice lacking the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2, a redox-sensitive transcription factor that is a key regulator of the antioxidant defense system)
- This finding supports the protective role of NAC, which acts as a direct scavenger of free radicals like OH·, H2O2 and O2−· in an Nrf2-independent manner
- after influenza virus and RSV infection, there is an increase in intracellular levels of H2O2 and a decrease in intracellular thiols. NAC restored this imbalance by decreasing the H2O2 concentration and restoring thiol levels.
- NAC may restore epithelial functions after RSV infection via inhibition of the expression of adhesion molecules and RSV replication, and by restoring antioxidant capacity, intracellular H2O2 levels and glutathione content in normal human bronchial epithelial cells
- NAC acts as an antioxidant by restoring the pool of intracellular reduced GSH, which is often depleted in conditions associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation
- It has been shown that oral administration of NAC 600 mg/day for 5 days significantly increases GSH concentrations in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of treated individuals, as compared with those who did not receive NAC (p < 0.05 1–3 hours after the last dose of NAC)
- patients treated with NAC 600 mg/day for up to 12 months showed a progressive decrease from baseline in H2O2 concentration, which achieved statistical significance after 6 months of treatment (p < 0.03). After 9 and 12 months of treatment, the H2O2 concentration in the expired breath condensate was 2.3- and 2.6-fold lower in patents treated with NAC as compared with placebo-treated patients (p < 0.04 and p < 0.05, respectively)
Long-term administration of N-acetylcysteine decreases hydrogen peroxide exhalation in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- https://www.resmedjournal.com/article/S0954-6111(01)91066-2/pdf
- We aimed to determine the effect of NAC, 600 mg effervescent tablets (Fluimucil), once a day for 12 months, and placebo on the concentration of H2O2 and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) in expired breath condensate and serum levels of two lipid peroxidation products (TBARs, lipid peroxides) in patients with COPD.
- Forty-four outpatients with stable COPD (22 in the NAC group and 22 in the placebo group) completed the study
- Serum levels of lipid peroxides were determined spectrophotometrically after extraction with butanol and pyridine. Initially, H2O2 exhalation did not differ between the placebo and NAC groups up to 6 months of treatment. After this the significant differences were observed. After 9 and 12 months of treatment NAC group exhaled 2.3-fold (0.17+/-0.33 microM vs. 041+/-0.26 microM, P<0.04) [median 0.01 microM, quartile range (qr)=0.22 vs. median 0.15 microM, qr =0.43] and 2.6-fold (0.15+/-0.23 microM vs. 0.40+/-0.25 microN, P<0.05) median = 0.00 microM, qr = 0.23 vs. median = 0.36 microM, qr = 0.51] less H2O2 than placebo receivers, respectively. No significant effect of NAC administration on TBARs exhalation and serum levels of TBARs and lipid peroxides were noted over the whole treatment period
- These results indicate that long-term oral administration of NAC attenuates H2O2 formation in the airways of COPD subjects and prove anti-oxidant action of drug
Long-term oral n-acetylcysteine reduces exhaled hydrogen peroxide in stable COPD
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15607126/
- This study aimed to verify the effect of 2-month oral N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment compared to placebo on the H(2)O(2) content in EAC of 55 clinically stable COPD patients (48 males), mean age 65.93+/-9.3 years
- patients were randomly allocated to group A (usual therapy plus oral NAC 600 mg b.i.d. for 2 months) or group B (usual therapy plus placebo b.i.d. for 2 months)
- The H(2)O(2) level in EAC of group A was significantly decreased at T15 (1.00+/-0.38 SD microM; p=0.003), T30 (0.91+/-0.44 microM; p=0.007), and T60 (0.83+/-0.41 microM; p=0.000) compared to T0 (1.28+/-0.61 microM). No significant decrease in H(2)O(2) of group B was found at any time point. We conclude that oral NAC 600 mg b.i.d. for 2 months rapidly reduces the oxidant burden in airways of stable COPD patients.
N-Acetylcysteine as a Potential Antidote and Biomonitoring Agent of Methylmercury Exposure
- https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.10383
- Using N-acetylcysteine (NAC), we aimed to devise a monitoring protocol for early detection of acute exposure or relatively low MeHg levels in a rodent model, and to test whether NAC reduces MeHg levels in the developing embryo.
- NAC produced a transient, dose-dependent acceleration of urinary MeHg excretion in rats of both sexes. Approximately 5% of various MeHg doses was excreted in urine 2 hr after injection of 1 mmol/kg NAC. In pregnant rats, NAC markedly reduced the body burden of MeHg, particularly in target tissues such as brain, placenta, and fetus. In contrast, NAC had no significant effect on urinary MeHg excretion in preweanling rats.
- NAC is effective at enhancing MeHg excretion when given either orally or intravenously, can decrease brain and fetal levels of MeHg, has minimal side effects, and is widely available in clinical settings.
Effects of N-acetylcysteine on lead-exposed PC-12 cells
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00244-004-0025-0
- The present study explores N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as an antioxidant agent in PC-12 cells after lead exposure. Selective oxidative stress parameters, including glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), and malondialdehyde (MDA), were measured in PC-12 cells exposed to various concentrations of lead acetate.
- Administering NAC after lead exposure improved cell survival as measured by Trypan Blue exclusion. NAC treatment also increased the GSH/GSSG ratio compared to the lead-only group, and reduced MDA to near control levels.
- These results imply that NAC protects cells from lead-induced oxidative damage by boosting the PC-12 cells' antioxidant defense mechanisms.
EDTA
Calcium edta
Rationale for the Successful Management of EDTA Chelation Therapy in Human Burden by Toxic Metals
Imported occupational lead poisoning: report of four cases.
- https://europepmc.org/article/med/24640829
- We observedfour male patients (aged 35 / 54 years) who had suffered recurrent abdominal pain due to recent lead exposure (for 7 to 13 months) in two Chinese battery recycling plants
- Chelation with EDTA resulted in increased urinary lead excretion, improvement of the clinical picture, decreased ZP, and progressive normalization of the other lead biomarkers (Pb-B, ALA-D, ALA-U, urinary porphyrins).
Successful treatment of extreme acute lead intoxication
- https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0748233709104759
- We report a case of acute lead intoxication in a child with extremely high lead blood level of 20.4 μmol/L (422.7 μg/dL), who was treated with chelation and in whom significant organ dysfunction did not develop.
- Documented significant high level above 3.37 μmol/L (corresponding to 70 μg/dL) in this patient persisted for approximately 24 h. Adequate, single or combined chelatation therapy in early phase of acute lead poisoning is essential for the further patient’s outcome.
Effects of intravenous EDTA treatment on serum parathyroid hormone (1-84) and biochemical markers of bone turnover.
- https://europepmc.org/article/med/8299406
- In the present double blind study, we examined the effect of either ethylenediaminetetraacetatic acid (EDTA) or placebo on serum levels of PTH and biochemical markers of bone turnover in 15 women and 39 men (aged 41 to 81 years) suffering intermittent claudication due to atherosclerosis. Disodium EDTA was administered as 20 repeated infusions of 3 grams during a period of 5-9 weeks
Serum calcium and serum phosphate decreased following treatment (p < 0.001)
- In the EDTA group, urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine and calcium/creatinine increased after treatment (ANOVA p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). Serum bone alkaline phosphatase decreased significantly in the EDTA group immediately after treatment (p < 0.001, ANOVA) and returned to baseline level at three months while only an insignificant decrease in serum osteocalcin was seen following treatment.
EDTA treatment increases endogenous PTH secretion considerably and leads to increased bone resorption
APPLE PECTIN
Apple pectin powder
- Sustained pectin ingestion: effect on gastric emptying and glucose tolerance in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0002916523161880?via%3Dihub
- studied in 12 stable, non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetic patients. Patients were placed on a 2400 kcal, low-fiber (3 g) diet for 2 wk, followed by 4 wk of an isocaloric diet supplemented with 20 g apple pectin/d.
- Gastric-emptying half-time was prolonged 43% (p less than 0.025) by pectin supplementation and returned to normal 3 d after its discontinuation.
- Fiber supplementation decreased the incremental area under the glucose tolerance curve from 34.8 +/- 3.0 to 27.9 +/- 3.2 mmol/L (p less than 0.01) but did not affect hormonal responses to a meal
- Sustained pectin ingestion slowed the gastric-emptying rate and improved glucose tolerance.
[Clinical benefits after soluble dietary fiber supplementation: a randomized clinical trial in adults with slow-transit constipation]
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25623312/
- A total of 80 patients with slow-transit constipation were selected between June 2011 and December 2013
- Treatment consisted of 4-week supplementation with 24 g/d pectin (fiber group) or maltodextrin (placebo group)
- CTT of the fiber group after treatment was lower than those of fiber group before treatment and those in the placebo group ((60.2 ± 11.2) h vs (80.3 ± 9.5), (79.4 ± 11.7) h, P < 0.01).
- Constipation score of the fiber group after treatment also decreased than those of fiber group before treatment and those in the placebo group (both P < 0.05)
- No significant adverse effects were reported.
[Efficacy of pectin in the treatment of diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome]
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25809332/
- A total of 87 patients with IBS-D were selected in the Jinling Hospital between July 2011 and December 2013
- Subjects were randomly assigned to receive 24 g pectin powder/d (n=46) or a placebo (n=41)
- Those patients randomized to pectin experienced a greater reduction in composite symptom scores and Bristol stool scale scores, as well as significant improvement in QOL scores (P<0.05).
- The pectin acted as prebiotics and significantly enhanced faecal bifidobacteria and decreased total Clostridium sp (P<0.05)
- No significant adverse effects were reported during the study.
Highly esterified pectin with low molecular weight enhances intestinal solubility and absorption of ferric iron in rats
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0271531798001705
- All the rats were fed a basal diet containing ferric sulfate as an iron source for 7d. Rats were deprived of feed for about 19h and then fed 6g (based on the preliminary experiment) of the basal diet or basal diet containing one of pectins (80 g/kg diet) for 2 h
- pectin B to the diet resulted in significantly greater intestinal iron absorption and postprandial iron concentration in portal blood compared to the other groups
- The present findings clearly indicate that iron solubility was influenced by pectin's DE and MW. The pectin with the high DE and low MW enhanced ferric iron solubility and absorption of solubilized iron.
IMMUNE C
Vitamin C
How to Detox Heavy Metals Using Vitamin C
- https://archive.beautyandwellbeing.com/well-being/vitamin-c-detox-heavy-metals/
- A cross-sectional study of 4,213 children from 1988 to 1994 showed that high levels of vitamin C in the blood are independently related to a decrease in the prevalence rate of high concentrations of lead.
- Vitamin C has also been found to accelerate the rate of lead excretion from the body in some animal studies.
- Other studies have shown that antioxidants, including vitamin C, can reduce the accumulation of lead in the liver and kidney, as well as reduce the interference of lead on the delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase action of blood.
- In addition, supplying your body with adequate levels of vitamin C will help keep it strong and healthy during the detox process.
HOW TO DO A VITAMIN C BOWEL FLUSHHOW TO DO A VITAMIN C BOWEL FLUSH
- https://bloom.health/how-to-do-a-vitamin-c-bowel-flush/
- Vitamin C so important to the human body? The list is practically endless! It has numerous well-described roles, mainly as an enzyme cofactor and as an antioxidant. It’s involved in crucial steps for detoxification, neurotransmitter synthesis, tissue repair, and immune function
- The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of Vitamin C for a healthy adult woman is 75 mg, and 90 mg for men (per the US National Academy of Sciences). While these amounts are enough to prevent scurvy and severe Vitamin C deficiency, current recommended daily allowances may be severely outdated. For this reason, we recommend using the Vitamin C flush as an easy tool for identifying your unique Vitamin C tolerance.
- Add up the total amount of Vitamin C you ingested during the flush, and calculate 75% of that total (multiply by 0.75). This gives you your ideal daily dose, just under your threshold for flushing. For example, if you ingested 2g + 2g + 2g + 2g + 2g = 10g during the flush; your ideal daily dose would be ~7.5g daily.
Citrus Bioflavonoids
- In vitro/in vivo effect of Citrus limon (L. Burm. f.) juice on blood parameters, coagulation and anticoagulation factors in rabbits
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25015459/
- in-vitro/in-vivo study was designed to determine the effect of Citrus limon on blood parameters, coagulation and anticoagulation factors.
- In-vitro tests revealed highly significant increase in thrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time by Citrus limon, whereas fibrinogen concentration was significantly reduced in comparison to control, however prothrombin time was not affected significantly.
- In-vivo testing of Citrus limon was done at three different doses i.e. 0.2ml/kg, 0.4ml/kg and 0.6ml/kg in healthy rabbits
- Bleeding time and thrombin time was significantly prolonged and there was increase in protein C and thrombin antithrombin complex levels. These results may be due to inactivation of thrombin because it significantly decreases fibrinogen concentration and inhibit platelet aggregation.
- Citrus limon showed maximal anticoagulant effect at 0.4ml/kg, which suggest that Citrus limon possesses an anti-thrombin component and could prevent thrombosis playing a cardio protective role.
Effect on blood pressure of daily lemon ingestion and walking
- https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jnme/2014/912684/
- For 101 middle-aged women in an island area in Hiroshima, Japan, a record of lemon ingestion efforts and the number of steps walked was carried out for five months.
- The change rates (Δ%) of the physical measurements, blood test, blood pressure, and pulse wave measured value during the observation period were calculated, and correlations with lemon intake and the number of steps walked were considered.
- As a result, it was suggested that daily lemon intake and walking are effective for high blood pressure because both showed significant negative correlation to systolic blood pressure Δ%
- As a result of multiple linear regression analysis, it was possible that lemon ingestion is involved more greatly with the blood citric acid concentration Δ% and the number of steps with blood pressure Δ%, and it was surmised that the number of steps and lemon ingestion are related to blood pressure improvement
Rutin
- The protective effects of rutin on the liver, kidneys, and heart by counteracting organ toxicity caused by synthetic and natural compounds
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9834893/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9834893/table/fsn33041-tbl-0001/
- We have reviewed studies dealing with the protective effects of rutin on the heart, liver, and kidneys. Previous studies have shown that rutin can induce significant protective effects against synthetic chemicals and toxins with diverse mechanisms of toxicities.
- The beneficial effects of rutin are mainly associated with its antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. The antioxidant effect of rutin has been reported to involve enhancing the activity of enzymes such as SOD, GST, GGT, CAT, and GPx GR, and inducing the Nrf2/HO‐1 pathway.
- Rutin has been reported to exert its antiapoptotic effects by inhibiting apoptotic molecules such as caspase‐3/‐7/‐9, and the elevation of antiapoptotic proteins including HMGB1 and Bcl‐2.
- The beneficial effects of rutin on the heart, liver, and kidneys have been confirmed by histopathological examinations in a variety of studies. Rutin elicited significant cardioprotective, nephroprotective, and hepatoprotective effects that were mainly mediated by its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties.
- Based on the results, rutin could be a promising component in the prevention and treatment of several toxicities, including hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and cardiotoxicity, and protect organs against many agents that produce free radicals
Rose hip powder
- Daily intake of rosehip extract decreases abdominal visceral fat in preobese subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
- https://www.dovepress.com/daily-intake-of-rosehip-extract-decreases-abdominal-visceral-fat-in-pr-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-DMSO
- We conducted a 12-week, single-center, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of 32 subjects who had a body mass index of ≥25 but <30. The subjects were assigned to two random groups, and they received one tablet of placebo or rosehip that contained 100 mg of rosehip extract once each day for 12 weeks with no dietary intervention
- Abdominal total fat area, abdominal visceral fat area, body weight, and body mass index decreased significantly in the rosehip group at week 12 compared with their baseline levels (P<0.01) after receiving the rosehip tablet intake, and the decreases in these parameters were significantly higher when compared with those in the placebo group.
- Additionally, body fat percent tended to decrease compared with the placebo group and their baseline level. Moreover, the abdominal subcutaneous fat area was significantly lower in the rosehip group than in the placebo group at week 12 after the initiation of intake (P<0.05).
- There were no abnormalities, subjective symptoms, and findings that may indicate clinical problems
- rosehip extract may be a good candidate food material for preventing obesity.
Acai berry extract
- Effects of supplementation with acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) berry-based juice blend on the blood antioxidant defence capacity and lipid profile in junior hurdlers
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4447763/
- Seven junior hurdlers (17.5±1.2 years) taking part in a pre-season conditioning camp were supplemented once a day, for six weeks, with 100 ml of the juice blend.
- In order to evaluate potential health benefits of the acai berry, the post-treatment changes in lipid profile parameters (triglycerides, cholesterol and its fractions) were analysed. Six weeks’ consumption of acai berry-based juice blend had no effect on sprint performance, but it led to a marked increase in the total antioxidant capacity of plasma, attenuation of the exercise-induced muscle damage, and a substantial improvement of serum lipid profile.
- These findings strongly support the view of the health benefits of supplementation with the acai berry-based juice blend, mainly attributed to its high total polyphenol content and the related high in vivo antioxidant and hypocholesterolaemic activities of this supplement.
Cardiovascular and Metabolic Effects of Açaí, an Amazon Plant
- https://journals.lww.com/cardiovascularpharm/abstract/2016/07000/cardiovascular_and_metabolic_effects_of_a_a_,_an.3.aspx
- Polyphenols from the seed of açaí increase endothelial nitric oxide production leading to endothelium-dependent relaxation, reduce reactive oxygen species and regulate key targets associated with lipid metabolism in different conditions such as hypertension, renal failure, and metabolic syndrome.
- We review the novel mechanisms of actions of açaí on different targets which could trigger the health benefits of açaí such as antioxidant, vasodilator, antihypertensive, cardioprotector, renal protector, antidyslipidemic, antiobesity, and antidiabetic effects in cardiovascular and metabolic disturbances.
Yellow pepper fruit extract
- Capsaicinoids supplementation decreases percent body fat and fat mass: adjustment using covariates in a post hoc analysis
- https://bmcobes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40608-018-0197-1
- Seventy-five (N = 75) volunteer (male and female, age: 18 and 56 years) healthy subjects were recruited. This is a parallel group, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled exploratory study. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either placebo, 2 mg CAPs or 4 mg CAPs dosing for 12 weeks
- Percent change in body fat after 12 weeks of treatment was 5.91 percentage units lower in CAPs 4 mg subjects than placebo subjects after adjustment for covariates (p = 0.0402). Percent change in fat mass after 12 weeks of treatment was 6.68 percentage units lower in Caps 4 mg subjects than placebo subjects after adjustment for covariates (p = 0.0487).
- These results suggest potential benefits of Capsaicinoids (CAPs) on body fat and fat mass in post hoc analysis
- Table Evidence: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5426284/table/T2/
Spleen powder
ZINC PLUS
Zinc
- Zinc lozenges and the common cold: a meta-analysis comparing zinc acetate and zinc gluconate, and the role of zinc dosage
- https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2054270417694291
- Placebo-controlled zinc lozenge trials, in which the zinc dose was > 75 mg/day
- Seven randomised trials with 575 participants with naturally acquired common colds
- The mean common cold duration was 33% (95% CI 21% to 45%) shorter for the zinc groups of the seven included trials.
- Three trials that used lozenges composed of zinc acetate found that colds were shortened by 40% and four trials that used zinc gluconate by 28%.
- Five trials used zinc doses of 80-92 mg/day, common cold duration was reduced by 33%, and two trials used zinc doses of 192-207 mg/day and found an effect of 35%.
The effects of zinc supplementation on wound healing and metabolic status in patients with diabetic foot ulcer
- The current randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted among 60 patients (aged 40-85 years old) with grade 3 diabetic foot ulcer.
- Participants were randomly divided into two groups (30 participants in each group) to take either 220 mg zinc sulfate supplements containing 50 mg elemental zinc or placebo daily for 12 weeks
- zinc supplementation was associated with significant reductions in ulcer length (-1.5 ± 0.7 vs. -0.9 ± 1.2 cm, p = 0.02) and width (-1.4 ± 0.8 vs. -0.8 ± 1.0 cm, p = 0.02). In addition, changes in fasting plasma glucose (-40.5 ± 71.0 vs. -3.9 ± 48.5 mg/dl, p = 0.02), serum insulin concentration (-8.0 ± 15.4 vs. +1.1 ± 10.3 µIU/ml, p = 0.009), homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance (-3.9 ± 7.1 vs. +0.8 ± 5.9, p = 0.007), the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (+0.01 ± 0.03 vs. -0.002 ± 0.02, p = 0.04) and HbA1c (-0.5 ± 0.8 vs. -0.1 ± 0.5%, p = 0.01) in the supplemented group were significantly different from the changes in these indicators in the placebo group.
- Additionally, significant increases in serum HDL-cholesterol (+4.1 ± 4.3 vs. +1.1 ± 5.1 mg/dl, p = 0.01), plasma total antioxidant capacity (+91.7 ± 213.9 vs. -111.9 ± 188.7 mmol/L, p < 0.01) and total glutathione (+68.1 ± 140.8 vs. -35.0 ± 136.1 µmol/L, p = 0.006), and significant decreases in high sensitivity C-reactive protein (-20.4 ± 24.6 vs. -6.8 ± 21.3 µg/ml, p = 0.02) and plasma malondialdehyde concentrations (-0.6 ± 0.9 vs. -0.2 ± 0.7 µmol/L, p = 0.03) were seen following supplementation with zinc compared with the placebo.
- supplementation for 12 weeks among diabetic foot ulcer patients had beneficial effects on parameters of ulcer size and metabolic profiles.
Copper (sodium copper chlorophyllin)
Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin: In Vitro Digestive Stability and Accumulation by Caco-2 Human Intestinal Cells
- Three preparations were subjected to in vitro digestion: SCC in water, SCC in water + 10% corn oil, and SCC in applesauce.
- Cu(II)chlorin e4, the major chlorin component of SCC, was relatively stable during simulated digestion. In contrast, greater than 90% of Cu(II)chlorin e6 was degraded to undetermined products during digestion. Recovery of Cu(II)chlorin e6 after digestion was increased by incorporation of SCC into applesauce, suggesting a protective role of the inclusion matrix for stabilization of labile SCC components.
- Accumulation of SCC derivatives was investigated by using differentiated cultures of the TC7 clone of the Caco-2 human intestinal cell line. Cellular accumulation from media containing 0.5 to 60 ppm SCC was linear with intracellular content ranging between 0.2 and 29.6 μg of total SCC per mg of cellular protein.
- Uptake of SCC by Caco-2 cells was significantly (p < 0.01) lower in cultures incubated at 4 °C than in those incubated at 37 °C.
- Stability of Cu(II)chlorin e4 during in vitro digestion and effective uptake by Caco-2 enterocyte-like cells support the likelihood that a portion of this SCC component or its metabolites is absorbed from the human intestine.
Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin Is Highly Effective against Enterovirus (EV) A71 Infection by Blocking Its Entry into the Host Cell
- https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00096
- In this study, we found that sodium copper chlorophyllin (CHL), a health food additive and an over-the-counter anticancer medicine or treatment to reduce the odor of urine or feces, exhibited potent inhibitory activity against infection by divergent EV-A71 and coxsackievirus-A16 (CV-A16) isolates at a low micromolar concentration with excellent safety.
- A series of mechanistic studies showed that CHL did not target the host cell but blocked the entry of EV-A71 and CV-A16 into the host cell at the postattachment stage.
- In the mouse model, CHL could significantly reduce the viral titer in the lungs and muscles. Since CHL has been used in clinics for many years with excellent safety, it has the potential to be further developed into a prophylactic or therapeutic to prevent or treat HFMD caused by EV-A71 or CV-A16 infection.
Pea powder
- Pea Albumin Attenuates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis by Regulating NF-κB Signaling and the Intestinal Microbiota in Mice
- https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/17/3611
- Six-week-old C57BL/6N male mice received an equivalent volume (200 μL) of sterile phosphate balanced solution, 0.375, 0.75, or 1.50 g/kg body weight (BW) of pea albumin that was subjected to 2.0% DSS for 7 days to induce colitis
- Our results show that pea albumin alleviates DSS-induced BW loss, colon length shortening, enhanced MPO activity, cytokines secretion, mucus deficiency, and inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as enhanced pro-inflammatory genes expression
- pea albumin oral administration restored gut microbiota dysbiosis as evidenced by enhanced α-diversity, restored β-diversity, and promoted relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group
- pea albumin plays a protective role in DSS-induced colitis by reducing inflammatory cell infiltration, pro-inflammatory genes expression and pro-inflammatory cytokines release, inactivation of NF-κB signal, and gut microbiota modulation.
Millet flour
Can Millet Consumption Help Manage Hyperlipidemia and Obesity?: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
- https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2021.700778/full
- The results from 19 studies showed that the consumption of millets for periods as short as 21 days to 4 months reduced levels of TC, triacylglycerol, LDL-C, and VLDL-C (p<0.01) by 8.0, 9.5, 10 and 9.0%, respectively.
- Four studies demonstrated that millets consumption brought TC and triacylglycerol levels to the normal levels (<200 and <150 mg/dl, respectively). Furthermore, upon consumption of millet-based meals, there was a 6.0% increase in the HDL-C 4.0 and 5.0% reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and 7.0% reduction in body mass index (BMI).
- This evidence, leads us to conclude that consumption of millets reduces hyperlipidemia and hence hypertension, and raises the levels of HDL-C (good cholesterol), which can be beneficial for managing the associated risk of developing hypertension and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases in future.
Finger millet arabinoxylan protects mice from high-fat diet induced lipid derangements, inflammation, endotoxemia and gut bacterial dysbiosis
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0141813017324777?via%3Dihub
- The present study is aimed to evaluate the effect of FM-AX supplementation, a key bioactive from finger millet, on HFD-induced metabolic and gut bacterial derangements.
- Male Swiss albino mice were fed with normal chow diet (NPD) or HFD (60% kcal from fat) for 10 weeks.
- FM-AX was orally supplemented at doses of 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg bodyweight on every alternate day for 10 weeks
- FM-AX supplementation prevented HFD-induced weight gain, alerted glucose tolerance and serum lipid profile, hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammation. Hepatic and white adipose tissue gene expressions were beneficially modulated. Further, AX supplementation prevented metagenomic alterations in cecum; improved ileal and colonic health and overall prevented metabolic endotoxemia. Present work suggests that AX from finger millet can be developed as a nutraceutical for the management of HFD- induced obesity.
Lentil powder
Bioaccessibility, in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of phenolics in cooked green lentil (Lens culinaris)
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1756464617301202?via%3Dihub
- The bioaccessibility, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of phenolics in a cooked green lentil (Lens culinaris) (cultivar Greenland) was studied using a simulated upper gastrointestinal (UGI) digestion model
- The amount of released soluble phenolics increased stepwise from gastric to intestinal digestion phase. The bioaccessibility of phenolics ranged from 27 to 67% after UGI digestion. Flavonols were the main phenolic group and were found to remain relatively stable during UGI digestion.
- Flavanols were mainly released after intestinal digestion as opposed to phenolic acids which were mainly released from food matrix in the gastric phase (21–45%) but not detected following intestinal digestion. Phenolics of the nondigested lentil showed dose dependent anti-inflammatory activity as seen in significant inhibition of the pro-inflammatory cytokines COX-2, IL-1β and IL-6 in TNF-α-induced inflammation in Caco-2 cells.
- The Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were positively correlated with the total and individual phenolic contents.
Chlorophyll
Sodium copper chlorophyllin: in vitro digestive stability and accumulation by Caco-2 human intestinal cells
- https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf010869g
- Three preparations were subjected to in vitro digestion: SCC in water, SCC in water + 10% corn oil, and SCC in applesauce.
- Greater than 90% of Cu(II)chlorin e(6) was degraded to undetermined products during digestion. Recovery of Cu(II)chlorin e(6) after digestion was increased by incorporation of SCC into applesauce, suggesting a protective role of the inclusion matrix for stabilization of labile SCC components.
- Cellular accumulation from media containing 0.5 to 60 ppm SCC was linear with intracellular content ranging between 0.2 and 29.6 microg of total SCC per mg of cellular protein.
- Uptake of SCC by Caco-2 cells was significantly (p < 0.01) lower in cultures incubated at 4 degrees C than in those incubated at 37 degrees C.
- Although intracellular SCC was transported into both apical and basolateral compartments when Caco-2 cells were grown on inserts, apical efflux was significantly greater (p < 0.01) than basolateral efflux. Stability of Cu(II)chlorin e(4) during in vitro digestion and effective uptake by Caco-2 enterocyte-like cells support the likelihood that a portion of this SCC component or its metabolites is absorbed from the human intestine.
